Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction
2. The Hybrid-Vehicle Market
3. Hybrid-Vehicles Technologies and Their Prospects
4. The Battery Market for Advanced Vehicles
5. Advanced-Vehicle Market Drivers
6. Automakers
7. Battery Companies
8. Conclusions

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I:
Market Drivers for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1. Introduction
2. Environmental Drivers
a. Battery EVs and the CARB ZEV Mandate
b. Global Warming and the European Commission Activity
c. California Global Warming Initiative
d. CAFE Standards and the U.S. Federal Scene
e. Other
3. Customer Benefits
a. Fuel Savings for the Customer
b. Increased Electrical Power Demand
c. Customers and the Environment
4. Corporate Image
5. Market Risks
a. Success of Advanced Diesel in North America
b. Reversal in Oil Pricing and in Concern with Energy Security
c. Reversal of Concerns about Global Warming 32
d. Life Limitation of HEV Batteries 33

CHAPTER II:
Hybrid-Vehicle Technologies
1. Introduction
2. Power Generation and Demand
3. Electrically Powered Ancillaries and Accessories
4. The Stop/Start Function
5. Hybrid-Vehicle Powertrain Architectures
a. Series-Hybrid Architectures
b. Classical Parallel Architectures
c. The Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), or Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)
d. Series/Parallel Single-Mode Transmission Power-Split Architectures
e. Series/Parallel Dual-Mode Power-Split Architectures
f. Single-Mode Series/Parallel Split FWD with an Electric-only RWD Path
6. Levels of Powertrain Hybridization
a. Micro Hybrids
b. Mild Hybrids
c. Moderate Hybrids - High-Voltage “Power-Assist” Hybrids
d. Strong Hybrids
e. Plug-in Hybrids
7. Hybridization of Specialty Vehicles

CHAPTER III:
Battery Technologies
1. Introduction
a. Battery Impedance
b. Battery Power Rating
c. Battery Life
d. Battery Reliability
e. Abuse Tolerance
f. Cell, Module, and Pack Technology
g. Battery Cost
2. Lead-Acid Batteries
a. Introduction
b. Flooded Lead-Acid Overview
c. Gel Lead-Acid Overview
d. AGM VRLA Overview
e. VRLA High-Rate Cell Design for Micro/Mild Hybrids
f. VRLA Performance
g. VRLA Life
h. VRLA Manufacturing and Cost
i. New Lead-Acid Designs
j. Lead-Acid Outlook
3. Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
a. Overview
b. High-Power Cell and Module Design
c. Cell-Manufacturing Tolerance Issues
d. Module Design
e. Thermal and Electrical Management
f. HEV Cell and Pack Performance
i. Power
ii. Performance at pack level
iii. Operating temperature
iv. Life
g. Cylindrical vs. Prismatic Block Design
i. Power
ii. Ease and cost of manufacturing
iii. Reliability
iv. Life
v. Prismatic metal-case design
h. Cost Estimates for NiMH Cells, Modules, and Battery Packs
i. Outlook
4. Lithium-Ion Batteries
a. Overview
b. HEV-Cell Configurations
c. Choice of Cathode Material
d. Choice of Anode Material
e. Electrolyte Considerations
f. Separators
g. HEV Cell and Module Perfomance
h. Operating Life
i. Cost
j. Safety / Abuse Resistance
k. Summary and Outlook
5. Ultracapacitors
a. Overview
b. Symmetric Ultracapacitors (EDLCs)
c. Hybrid (Asymmetric) Ultracapacitors
i. Hybrid ultracapacitors in aqueous electrolytes
ii. Hybrid ultracapacitors in non-aqueous electrolytes
iii. Hybrid ultracapacitors utilizing redox polymers
d. Performance
e. Cost
f. Applications and Outlook
6. Other Battery Systems
a. Nickel-Cadmium
b. Nickel-Zinc
c. Lithium Metal Polymer
d. Sodium-Nickel Chloride (“Zebra” Battery)
7. Battery Comparisons

CHAPTER IV:
Battery Requirements and the Choice of Battery for Each Vehicle Category
1. Introduction
2. Conventional SLI Applications
a. Energy-Storage Requirements
b. SLI Battery Solutions
3. Micro-1 – Stop/Start Vehicles with No Regenerative Braking
a. Energy-Storage Requirements
b. Energy-Storage Solutions
4. Micro-2 – Stop/Start Vehicles with Regenerative Braking
a. Energy-Storage Requirements
b. Energy-Storage Solutions
i. VRLA battery
ii. VRLA/UCap combination
iii. VRLA/Lithium-Ion combination
iv. Outlook
5. Mild-1 – Launch-Assist Hybrid Vehicles
a. Energy-Storage Requirements
b. Energy-Storage Solutions
6. Mild-2 Hybrid Vehicles
a. Energy-Storage Requirements
b. Energy-Storage Solutions
c. Discussion of Micro-2 and Mild Hybrid Architectures
7. Moderate Power-Assist Hybrids
a. Energy-Storage Requirements
b. Energy-Storage Solutions
8. Strong Hybrid Vehicles
a. Energy-Storage Requirements
b. Energy-Storage Solutions
9. Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles
a. Introduction
b. Energy-Storage Requirements
c. Energy-Storage Solutions
d. PHEV Commercial Viability
10. Electric Vehicles
a. Energy-Storage Requirements
b. Energy-Storage Solutions
11. Power-assist Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicles
a. Introduction
b. Energy-Storage Requirements
c. Energy-Storage Solution Considerations
12. Hybridization of Specialized Heavy Vehicles
a. Introduction
b. Buses
c. Delivery Vehicles
d. Military Vehicles
e. Heavy-Duty Vehicles
f. Outlook

CHAPTER V:
Hybrid Vehicles and their Energy-Storage-Device Market: Past, Present, and Future
1. Introduction
2. Hybrid-Vehicle Markets through 2006
3. Hybrid-Vehicles Battery Markets: 2000 to 2006
4. Future Hybrid-Vehicle Market Growth: 2007 to 2010
5. HEV-Battery Market from 2007 to 2010
a. Market Growth
b. Nickel-Metal Hydride Suppliers
c. Lithium-Ion Suppliers
6. Hybrid-Vehicle Market Forecast for 2011 to 2015
7. HEV-Battery Choice and Forecast for 2011 to 2015
8. Li-Ion HEV-Battery Suppliers
9. Energy Storage for Large and Specialty Heavy Hybrid Vehicles
a. Public Buses
b. Delivery Vehicles
c. Military Vehicles
d. Heavy-Duty Utility Vehicles
e. Summary and Outlook
10. Electric Vehicles and Related Battery Markets
a. Introduction
b. Fully Functional EVs and their Batteries
c. Limited-Capability EVs and their Batteries
d. Personnel Carriers, Including Golf Carts
e. Scooters and Electrically Assisted Bicycles

CHAPTER VI:
Review of Key Companies
1. Automakers
a. Toyota Motor Corporation
i. Overview
ii. Toyota’s hybrid vehicles
iii. Toyota’s EV and PHEV activities
iv. Battery selection for the future
b. Honda Motor Company
i. Honda’s hybrid vehicles
ii. Battery selection
c. Ford Motor Company
i. Ford’s hybrid vehicles
ii. HEV batteries
iii. Ford Europe
d. General Motors
i. GM’s hybrid vehicles
ii. Discussion
e. DaimlerChrysler (DCX)
i. Overview
ii. Hybrid activity in the U.S.
iii. Hybrid activity in Europe
f. Nissan Motor Company
g. Other Automakers
i. Hyundai
ii. Volkswagen
iii. BMW
iv. PSA Peugeot-Citroën
v. Renault
2. Electrical Systems Developers
a. Continental Automotive Systems
b. Bosch
c. Siemens VDO
d. Valeo
e. Alcoa Electrical and Electronic Solutions (formerly AFL Automotive)
f. ISE Corporation
g. Other System Developers for the High-volume Automotive Market
h. Other System Developers for Buses and Specialty Vehicles
3. NiMH and Li-Ion HEV Battery Developers
a. Panasonic EV Energy (PEVE)
b. Matsushita Battery Industrial (MBI or Panasonic)
c. Sanyo Electric
d. Hitachi Vehicle Energy (HVE)
e. GS Yuasa Corporation(GYC)
f. Johnson Controls-Saft (JCS)
g. Cobasys
h. NEC Lamilion Energy
i. Samsung
j. LG Chem
k. Compact Power
l. A123Systems
m. SK Corporation (SK Corp.)
n. Other Li-Ion Battery Developers
4. VRLA and Ultracapacitor Developers
a. Johnson Controls (JCI)
b. Exide Technologies
c. GS Yuasa
d. Other VRLA Developers
e. Panasonic Electronic Devices(PED), formerly Matsushita Electronic Components
f. EPCOS AG
g. Maxwell Technologies
h. Others
i. Nesscap
ii. Power Systems
iii. Nippon Chemi-Con (NCC)