Session 3: Advanced Batteries for Stationary Applications
Large Lithium-Ion batteries are being evaluated in numerous stationary energy-storage applications to support large utility and residential and commercial backup storage needs. In this session we will review market opportunities, the technology's commercial progress and the cost-performance prospects of Li-Ion batteries against competing technologies.
Session Chairman: Haresh Kamath, Senior Project, Power Delivery and Utilization, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Haresh Kamath is Program Manager for Energy Storage at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), managing the Institute's research into the development, assessment, and application of energy storage technologies for grid storage applications. He is also a Strategic Program Manager in EPRI's Technology Innovation Program, where he manages programs investigating advanced materials technologies for power delivery applications, and advanced energy storage technologies. He was an author for the DOE-EPRI Handbook of Energy Storage and also serves on the board of directors of the Electricity Storage Association. Kamath received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in chemical engineering from Stanford University.
SESSION AGENDA
Pilot Programs Utilizing Advanced Batteries and Utility Energy Storage Haresh Kamath, SeniorProject Manager, Power Delivery and Utilization, EPRI
Abstract
Increased public and private investments as well as policy initiatives are spurring electrical energy storage project activities worldwide and, in turn, speeding the rate of change in grid-scale storage technologies. Over 200 utility-scale stationary energy storage projects are currently operating, under development, or have been discontinued in the United States and abroad. In the U.S., the vast majority (90+) of cataloged projects is either under development or proposed. Many of these planned installations are receiving grant funding authorized by the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) of 2009; others are being enabled through financial support from the Department of Energy (DOE) and private-public partnerships. This paper describes several major battery projects currently underway in the U.S., based on three different battery storage chemistries (advanced lead-acid, lithium ion, and sodium-sulfur) and how these projects compare in field operation.
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Southern California Edison Energy Storage Efforts Loic Gaillac, Energy Storage Group Leader, Advanced Technology Division, Southern California Edison
Abstract
This presentation describes the various on-going energy storage activities within the Advanced Technology Organization of Southern California Edison. In the early 1990s, SCE's Electric Vehicle Test Center (EVTC) began validating battery technologies for both automobile and stationary uses. To date, the EVTC which is now part of the SCE Advanced Technology Organization, has shepherded an all-electric fleet of nickel metal hydride battery-powered vehicles over 20-million miles, while also testing diverse advanced battery systems in the EVTC laboratory. In March 2009, President Barack Obama recognized the EVTC with a presidential visit and used the venue for a major energy policy speech. SCE's advanced energy storage program includes partnering with major battery manufacturers, government agencies and other organizations to evaluate and pilot advanced batteries in stationary uses ranging from residential to distribution level applications, up to a multi-megawatts battery plan. From these and other study platforms, SCE gains valuable insight into how to develop integrated energy systems of the future that enhance the electric grid reliability, safety and cost-effectiveness, while potentially lowering costs for customers. The presentation outline is:
Company Overview
CA Energy Storage Drivers
SCE Leadership
SCE Energy Storage Test Facilities
Energy Storage Approach and Methodologies
Utility Energy Storage Applications
SCE R&D Pilot Projects
SCE Laboratory Activities
Final Observation
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Battery System Development for the Electric Grid – A Photovoltaic Perspective Matthias Vetter, Head of Department, PV Off-Grid Solutions and Battery System Technology Division, Electrical Energy Systems EES, Fraunhofer Institut fur Solare Energiesysteme
Abstract
Motivation The accumulated installed PV power in Germany reached end of 2011 a level of 21 GWp. This is already a significant number as the load curve in Germany varies between approximately 40 GWp and 80 GWp. By 2020 targets of a PV fraction of 10 % in terms of electrical energy production are discussed at the moment, which leads to an installed PV power of 50 GWp to 60 GWp. Taking into account the German load curve again, these values show the demand for electrical storages, besides demand-side measures and grid expansion. Most of these PV systems are in the small and medium power range, are installed on buildings and are feeding into the low voltage grid, which is operated in certain regions already today at its limits. Integration of decentralized battery storages, e.g. lithium-ion batteries, in combination with an intelligent energy management can reduce these problems and enable a maximization of decentralized PV production in the low voltage grid. Considering future German markets but especially international markets, big PV parks offer a huge potential e.g. for direct marketing models, as systems prices droop quite fast and these systems become reasonable in the near future. In this application short term battery systems in the MW range support a feeding-in of scheduled PV power independently from short term weather disturbances, e.g. caused by passing clouds, which are hard to predict accurately by prognosis tools. For this application lithium-ion batteries are also a very interesting opportunity to smooth these fluctuations. Approach Within this presentation, concepts for decentralized grid connected PV battery systems using lithium-ion technology are introduced, which are based on a modular system design. Requirements and approaches for the battery system itself as well as the peripheral components and system integration issues, like standardized field bus communication, are discussed. The introduced modular approach for lithium-ion batteries includes module and system design, conducting technologies, cooling and the development of model based battery management systems with advanced algorithms for state of charge and state of health determination as well as optimized operating control strategies of the storage system. Presented results Calculations show remarkable fractions of possible self consumption of decentralized grid connected photovoltaics by integrating lithium-ion battery systems. Furthermore it can be shown, that with an appropriate design of decentralized grid connected PV battery systems the fraction of purchased electrical energy from the grid can be reduced to levels below one-fifth even for German weather conditions. Exemplary for the MW class of lithium-ion battery systems, simulation results of an economic analysis for a PV park is introduced for the site Aswan in Egypt. Modular concepts for stationary lithium-ion battery systems and the introduced standard CiA 454 for field bus communication in PV applications enable an easy combination of battery systems with different power electronic products (charge controllers and battery inverters) as well as energy management systems. State of charge and state of health determination based on so called particle filters offer precise information on the single battery cells, which allow optimized operating control strategies, e.g. for cell balancing. Furthermore on this basis the battery management supports an optimized integration and operation of the storage system in grid connected PV applications.
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Large-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Systems for Mobility and Stationary Applications Masahide Yamaguchi, General Manager, Renewable Energy Division, GS Yuasa International; Edward Murphy, Industrial Sales Manager, GS Yuasa Lithium Power
Abstract
GS Yuasa is a leading global company with 37 affiliates and offices in 19 countries. GS Yuasa's businesses include the manufacture and supply of Li-Ion, Ni-Mh, lead-acid and silver zinc batteries; and power supply systems, lighting equipment, specialty and other electrical equipment. The GS Yuasa Group was a pioneer in the creation of practical lithium ion batteries, including the development of the prismatic lithium-ion battery in 1993. Utilizing multiple lithium ion chemistries in batteries designed for the specific application, GS Yuasa has demonstrated substantial success in a variety of industrial markets including; aerospace and aviation, EV/HEV, hybrid cranes and AGV, grid support, marine, and railway systems. This presentation highlights a few of GS Yuasa's current projects in stationary and mobility applications. Stationary applications include:
Grid scale energy storage
EV charge station with PV
Railway support systems
UPS
Mobility applications include:
Electric buses
Hybrid cranes
Light and heavy rail car systems
The on-going commercialization of lithium ion systems requires significant investments in the research and development of new materials; cell and battery designs along with cost reduction initiatives to ensure they meet the technical and commercial requirements of the different markets. With 2010 revenues of $3.4B USD and 23,000 employees in 28 factories across 14 countries GS Yuasa is committed to maintaining their leadership position and driving the commercialization of industrial lithium ion batteries.
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Smart Energy System for Stationary Applications Hiroshi Hanafusa, Energy Solutions Development Center, Panasonic Corporation
Abstract
Smart Energy System has been developed, which generates, stores, and consumes green energies effectively and efficiently. Smart Energy System is an essential component of a Smart-grid and should be scalable, autonomous and ready to coordinate with other grids. The architecture for the Smart-grid should have a single controller and should be scalable according to applications, such as factories, office buildings, hospitals and commercial stores. Panasonic Group had installed a Smart Energy System for factory use with a large-scale storage battery system using Lithium-Ion batteries at their Kasai factory in Japan. The system has been operated from October 2010 successfully. The Smart Energy System charges the batteries both with low cost late-night grid electricity and surplus solar electricity after the use at the factory. The stored electricity is used during the daytime. The battery system has more than 1000 battery boxes and each box consists of 312 18650cells typically found in laptop computers. Therefore, the system consists of more than 300,000 pieces of 18650cells. With the newly developed battery management system, the whole battery system can be used as if it were just one single battery. The capacity of the battery system is approximately 1500 kWh; the PV system can distribute 1,060 kW DC power. The Smart Energy System can shave the power over 15 % at the daily peak time, through total energy management. Another example is Smart Energy system for a next-generation convenience store in Japan. Even at a time of electrical outage caused by a disaster, such as hurricanes and earthquakes, the system can support the POS system, LED lighting and other functions which are critical for the business, utilizing the renewable energy 24 hours a day, every day. The demo system is located in Kyoto, and started operation in December 2010. It uses 10kWh lithium-ion batteries and 10 kW PV. Smart Energy Systems for residential houses have been also demonstrated from February 2011 and some of them are in Tokyo metropolitan area. The energy stored in Lithium-ion batteries could be used during blackouts after disasters.
